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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dichteoperator</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <b>Dichteoperator</b> (auch <b>statistischer Operator</b>) ist ein linearer Operator, der den <a href="Zustand_(Physik)" title="Zustand (Physik)">Zustand</a> eines <a href="Ensemble_(Physik)" title="Ensemble (Physik)">Ensembles</a> von <a href="Physikalisches_System" title="Physikalisches System">physikalischen Systemen</a>, in der <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> auch den Zustand nur eines einzigen Systems beschreibt. Diese Beschreibung ist in physikalischer Hinsicht vollständig. Das heißt, mit Hilfe des Dichteoperators lässt sich für jede am System bzw. Ensemble mögliche Messung der <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a> vorhersagen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Anm. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Befindet sich das System in einem <a href="Reiner_und_gemischter_Zustand" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiner und gemischter Zustand">Zustandsgemisch</a>, gibt der Dichteoperator insbesondere an, mit welcher <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeit" title="Wahrscheinlichkeit">Wahrscheinlichkeit</a> sich ein aus dem Ensemble herausgegriffenes System in einem bestimmten <a href="Reiner_Zustand_und_Zustandsgemisch" title="Reiner Zustand und Zustandsgemisch">reinen Zustand</a> befindet. Wird der Operator (mit Bezug auf eine Basis) als Matrix dargestellt, so spricht man von der <b>Dichtematrix</b> (bzw. der <i>statistischen Matrix</i>); diese wird in der <a href="Quantenstatistik" title="Quantenstatistik">Quantenstatistik</a> viel verwendet.
</p><p>Der Dichteoperator wurde ursprünglich im Rahmen der <a href="Klassische_Physik" title="Klassische Physik">klassischen Physik</a> von <a href="George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a> für den <a href="Polarisation" title="Polarisation">Polarisations</a>zustand eines <a href="Lichtstrahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichtstrahl">Lichtstrahls</a> entwickelt (<a href="Stokes-Parameter" title="Stokes-Parameter">Stokes-Parameter</a>). In die <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> wurde er 1927 von <a href="Lew_Landau" class="mw-redirect" title="Lew Landau">Lew Landau</a> und <a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eingeführt und dann ausführlich von <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> in <i>Principles of Quantum Mechanics</i> (1930) und von John von Neumann in <i>Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik</i> (1932) dargestellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konstruktion">Konstruktion</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dichteoperator_für_einen_reinen_quantenmechanischen_Zustand"><span id="Dichteoperator_f.C3.BCr_einen_reinen_quantenmechanischen_Zustand"></span>Dichteoperator für einen reinen quantenmechanischen Zustand</h3></div>
<p>Für einen reinen Zustand mit (normiertem) <a href="Zustandsvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Zustandsvektor">Zustandsvektor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc27f1893b769a08cd6b296e115a29e61cab675e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.065ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> heißt der Dichteoperator (als <a href="Dyadisches_Produkt" title="Dyadisches Produkt">dyadisches Produkt</a> in <a href="Bra-Ket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bra-Ket">Bra-Ket</a>-Schreibweise)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\left|\psi \right\rangle \left\langle \psi \right|}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>⟩</mo>
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<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>|</mo>
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</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\left|\psi \right\rangle \left\langle \psi \right|}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36f7833820266bb8ebfa2454071c4c7550820059.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.991ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\left|\psi \right\rangle \left\langle \psi \right|}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dieser Operator bleibt ungeändert, wenn man denselben Zustand durch einen Zustandsvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \varphi }|\psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
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</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \varphi }|\psi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f3ceff45debef50c8521fa2f572808a24a51a36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.862ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \varphi }|\psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben hätte. Daher besteht, anders als beim Zustandsvektor, eine in beiden Richtungen eindeutige Zuordnung zwischen dem physikalischen Zustand und seinem Dichteoperator.
</p><p>Dieser Operator ist ein <a href="Projektionsoperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Projektionsoperator">Projektionsoperator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/226c908235d11c5ff83920b908f44d7cb30ebece.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.197ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi }}" loading="lazy"></span>, denn angewendet auf einen beliebigen Zustandsvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/312d43de853a9e6ca74888e63394fc8081f56a43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.937ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>, projiziert er diesen auf den durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc27f1893b769a08cd6b296e115a29e61cab675e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.065ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmten 1-dimensionalen Unterraum des Hilbertraums:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}|\phi \rangle =\left|\psi \right\rangle \left\langle \psi \right|\phi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}|\phi \rangle =\left|\psi \right\rangle \left\langle \psi \right|\phi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c56abbd3f1dba2488e4752f7a62794f9d3a41b98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.605ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}|\phi \rangle =\left|\psi \right\rangle \left\langle \psi \right|\phi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei der Zahlenfaktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \psi |\phi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \psi |\phi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d746b98a668166ab4e3d31a6bbd6730ea5dcb69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.355ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \psi |\phi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Skalarprodukt" title="Skalarprodukt">Skalarprodukt</a> beider Vektoren ist. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.376ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist hermitesch und idempotent (d. h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}^{2}={\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}^{2}={\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c38f29e66fff82cf32da7a3fd3855de7b96a18e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.904ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}^{2}={\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span>). Seine Eigenwerte sind 1 (für den ket-Vektor des reinen Zustands und alle seine Vielfachen) und Null (für alle dazu orthogonalen Vektoren).
</p><p>Für einen kohärenten, also reinen Überlagerungszustand
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\alpha |\psi \rangle +\beta |\phi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\alpha |\psi \rangle +\beta |\phi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fd6e9224139979194782b6526a38696d56e627d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.12ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\alpha |\psi \rangle +\beta |\phi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>lässt sich der Dichteoperator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\left|\Psi \right\rangle \left\langle \Psi \right|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\left|\Psi \right\rangle \left\langle \Psi \right|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b174f9d3a35c0aa995037c65a2529ea35084b747.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.58ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\left|\Psi \right\rangle \left\langle \Psi \right|}" loading="lazy"></span> durch die beiden überlagerten Zustände ausdrücken (mit der <a href="Komplexe_Konjugation" title="Komplexe Konjugation">komplexen Konjugation</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{*}x=|x|^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{*}x=|x|^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17b811ed31ccb3cf9d273d580c9f9399c4dc749c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.49ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{*}x=|x|^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\hat {\rho }}&=\left|\Psi \right\rangle \left\langle \Psi \right|\\&=\left(\alpha |\psi \rangle +\beta |\phi \rangle \right)\left(\alpha ^{*}\langle \psi |+\beta ^{*}\langle \phi |\right)\\&=|\alpha |^{2}|\psi \rangle \langle \psi |+\alpha \beta ^{*}|\psi \rangle \langle \phi |+\alpha ^{*}\beta |\phi \rangle \langle \psi |+|\beta |^{2}|\phi \rangle \langle \phi |\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\hat {\rho }}&=\left|\Psi \right\rangle \left\langle \Psi \right|\\&=\left(\alpha |\psi \rangle +\beta |\phi \rangle \right)\left(\alpha ^{*}\langle \psi |+\beta ^{*}\langle \phi |\right)\\&=|\alpha |^{2}|\psi \rangle \langle \psi |+\alpha \beta ^{*}|\psi \rangle \langle \phi |+\alpha ^{*}\beta |\phi \rangle \langle \psi |+|\beta |^{2}|\phi \rangle \langle \phi |\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/694d0fd93b8255d442b92fa3ba39638eded40dea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:53.021ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\hat {\rho }}&=\left|\Psi \right\rangle \left\langle \Psi \right|\\&=\left(\alpha |\psi \rangle +\beta |\phi \rangle \right)\left(\alpha ^{*}\langle \psi |+\beta ^{*}\langle \phi |\right)\\&=|\alpha |^{2}|\psi \rangle \langle \psi |+\alpha \beta ^{*}|\psi \rangle \langle \phi |+\alpha ^{*}\beta |\phi \rangle \langle \psi |+|\beta |^{2}|\phi \rangle \langle \phi |\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc27f1893b769a08cd6b296e115a29e61cab675e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.065ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/312d43de853a9e6ca74888e63394fc8081f56a43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.937ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> orthogonal sind und als <a href="Basis_(Vektorraum)" title="Basis (Vektorraum)">Basisvektoren</a> genommen werden, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.376ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch die Matrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\begin{pmatrix}|\alpha |^{2}&\alpha \beta ^{*}\\\alpha ^{*}\beta &|\beta |^{2}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\begin{pmatrix}|\alpha |^{2}&\alpha \beta ^{*}\\\alpha ^{*}\beta &|\beta |^{2}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/775551d64643b0e5927016daf97da161981fccc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:18.982ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\begin{pmatrix}|\alpha |^{2}&\alpha \beta ^{*}\\\alpha ^{*}\beta &|\beta |^{2}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>dargestellt. Dass die Überlagerung in Form einer Linearkombination eine kohärente Überlagerung ist, drückt sich in den Nichtdiagonalelementen aus. Diese ändern sich, wenn man die Koeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha ,\ \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha ,\ \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95f62b010c771076e2d8cab91b39bca21d394426.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.434ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha ,\ \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> mit <i>verschiedenen</i> Phasenfaktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \varphi _{1,2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \varphi _{1,2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3391083719b88c34a3927b78205634d2b95bd43e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.667ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \varphi _{1,2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> multipliziert, so dass sich ihre relative Phase ändert. Auch der Überlagerungszustand wird dann ein anderer, obwohl die Anteile <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\alpha |^{2},\ |\beta |^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\alpha |^{2},\ |\beta |^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/684836ea9d2e206219fc37e2da745bed3b040c3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.13ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\alpha |^{2},\ |\beta |^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> der beiden Basiszustände gleich bleiben.
</p><p>Dieselben nichtdiagonalen Matrixelemente machen auch den Erwartungswert eines beliebigen Operators <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d084213a448be2cfb9134294127a7243386773a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und damit alle Messergebnisse von der relativen Phase abhängig:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle \Psi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\Psi \right\rangle =|\alpha |^{2}\left\langle \psi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\psi \right\rangle +|\beta |^{2}\left\langle \phi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\phi \right\rangle +\alpha ^{*}\beta \left\langle \psi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\phi \right\rangle +\alpha \beta ^{*}\left\langle \phi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\psi \right\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle \Psi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\Psi \right\rangle =|\alpha |^{2}\left\langle \psi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\psi \right\rangle +|\beta |^{2}\left\langle \phi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\phi \right\rangle +\alpha ^{*}\beta \left\langle \psi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\phi \right\rangle +\alpha \beta ^{*}\left\langle \phi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\psi \right\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ccaec4b6465e949b5a361502ff187ea9712015b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:71.899ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle \Psi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\Psi \right\rangle =|\alpha |^{2}\left\langle \psi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\psi \right\rangle +|\beta |^{2}\left\langle \phi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\phi \right\rangle +\alpha ^{*}\beta \left\langle \psi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\phi \right\rangle +\alpha \beta ^{*}\left\langle \phi \right|{\hat {O}}\left|\psi \right\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die nichtdiagonalen Matrixelemente bilden dort die <a href="Interferenz_(Physik)" title="Interferenz (Physik)">Interferenzterme</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dichteoperator_für_ein_Zustandsgemisch"><span id="Dichteoperator_f.C3.BCr_ein_Zustandsgemisch"></span>Dichteoperator für ein Zustandsgemisch</h3></div>
<p>Ein Ensemble gleicher Systeme, die sich in verschiedenen reinen Zuständen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle \ \ (i=1,2,\ldots )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle \ \ (i=1,2,\ldots )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d70acde7f5c0f326238ef0dffa014ba67f6aea8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.852ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle \ \ (i=1,2,\ldots )}" loading="lazy"></span> befinden, ist ein <a href="Zustandsgemisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Zustandsgemisch">Zustandsgemisch</a>. Es wird durch einen Dichteoperator
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i}p_{i}\;{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi _{i}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i}p_{i}\;{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi _{i}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18566731b174b947b691b340be366f8aaddd4538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.178ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i}p_{i}\;{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi _{i}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>beschrieben. In <a href="Bra-Ket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bra-Ket">Bra-Ket</a>-Schreibweise:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i}p_{i}\left|\psi _{i}\right\rangle \left\langle \psi _{i}\right|\quad (1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i}p_{i}\left|\psi _{i}\right\rangle \left\langle \psi _{i}\right|\quad (1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27af3cd534feb817543d8c6adc3e85396638d594.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:24.37ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i}p_{i}\left|\psi _{i}\right\rangle \left\langle \psi _{i}\right|\quad (1)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Gewichte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bab39399bf5424f25d957cdc57c84a0622626d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.059ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind reelle Zahlen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq p_{i}\leq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq p_{i}\leq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1dfec1a710d10ecfbfe02a4e0a48b834c62da65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.491ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq p_{i}\leq 1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}p_{i}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i}p_{i}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef0f56c2062ef0e4a44688eb34ce66820413ddc7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:9.972ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}p_{i}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Als reelle Linearkombination von hermiteschen Projektionsoperatoren ist auch der Dichteoperator hermitesch.
</p><p>Die komplexen Phasen der Zustände <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1284d734d01861923334d7ebfe1ddc855f25a66a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> haben keinen Einfluss auf den Dichteoperator. Dementsprechend ist für einen beliebigen Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d084213a448be2cfb9134294127a7243386773a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Erwartungswert
die Summe der Erwartungswerte für die einzelnen Zustände, jeweils gewichtet mit der relativen Häufigkeit bei der Präparation des Gemischs.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle {\hat {O}}\right\rangle =\sum _{i}p_{i}\;\left\langle \psi _{i}\right|{\hat {O}}\left|\psi _{i}\right\rangle \ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle {\hat {O}}\right\rangle =\sum _{i}p_{i}\;\left\langle \psi _{i}\right|{\hat {O}}\left|\psi _{i}\right\rangle \ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f1b69a4af2d638b1a6f5fe9cbfdbdccd6b8c8af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:26.346ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle {\hat {O}}\right\rangle =\sum _{i}p_{i}\;\left\langle \psi _{i}\right|{\hat {O}}\left|\psi _{i}\right\rangle \ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die reinen Zustände sind <a href="Koh%C3%A4renz_(Physik)#Kohärenz_und_Inkohärenz_in_der_Quantenmechanik" title="Kohärenz (Physik)"><i>inkohärent</i></a> überlagert, es gibt keine Interferenzterme zwischen den verschiedenen überlagerten Zuständen.
</p><p>Für das folgende wird angenommen, dass die Zustände <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1284d734d01861923334d7ebfe1ddc855f25a66a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> orthogonal sind. Dann ist Gleichung (1) die <a href="Spektralsatz" title="Spektralsatz">Spektraldarstellung</a> des Dichteoperators, die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1284d734d01861923334d7ebfe1ddc855f25a66a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> sind seine Eigenzustände und die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bab39399bf5424f25d957cdc57c84a0622626d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.059ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Eigenwerte dazu.
</p><p>Dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bab39399bf5424f25d957cdc57c84a0622626d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.059ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür, dass bei einer Messung ein einzelnes System im Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1284d734d01861923334d7ebfe1ddc855f25a66a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> gefunden wird. Denn der Operator für diese Messung ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{i}=\left|\psi _{i}\right\rangle \left\langle \psi _{i}\right|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{i}=\left|\psi _{i}\right\rangle \left\langle \psi _{i}\right|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/459c9e271962f08aa7f6065c6e0817af751e451a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.787ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{i}=\left|\psi _{i}\right\rangle \left\langle \psi _{i}\right|}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Erwartungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle {\hat {O}}_{i}\right\rangle =\sum _{i'}p_{i'}\;\langle \psi _{i'}|\psi _{i}\rangle \;\langle \psi _{i}|\psi _{i'}\rangle \ =\sum _{i'}p_{i'}\delta _{ii'}=p_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle {\hat {O}}_{i}\right\rangle =\sum _{i'}p_{i'}\;\langle \psi _{i'}|\psi _{i}\rangle \;\langle \psi _{i}|\psi _{i'}\rangle \ =\sum _{i'}p_{i'}\delta _{ii'}=p_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24be4efe5ac9690f21533121399f6aedef4a5a6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:49.192ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle {\hat {O}}_{i}\right\rangle =\sum _{i'}p_{i'}\;\langle \psi _{i'}|\psi _{i}\rangle \;\langle \psi _{i}|\psi _{i'}\rangle \ =\sum _{i'}p_{i'}\delta _{ii'}=p_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>In der Basis seiner Eigenzustände hat der Dichteoperator eine Diagonalmatrix mit den Gewichten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bab39399bf5424f25d957cdc57c84a0622626d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.059ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf der Hauptdiagonale. Weil für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}^{2}\leq p_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}^{2}\leq p_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22e2b295fc282bc986b7ba511eff69b8524b9300.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:7.381ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}^{2}\leq p_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}^{2}\leq {\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}^{2}\leq {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d36b36cb68d1720280d9fc4d08d5469e61074f07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.904ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}^{2}\leq {\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei das Gleichheitszeichen nur dann gilt, wenn genau ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ec5d113334e3660b765222628cbb5dd26e73679.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:6.319ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und alle anderen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i'}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i'}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10ac2dc1d5755e2a9b89333b7e64e56ec3830846.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:6.851ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i'}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn also ein reiner Zustand vorliegt.
</p><p>Sind alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bab39399bf5424f25d957cdc57c84a0622626d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.059ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> einander gleich, gilt wegen der Normierung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}={\tfrac {1}{N}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}={\tfrac {1}{N}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a29feb2e0d29547a470780b46188d42d5f5286bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:7.452ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}={\tfrac {1}{N}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> als der Anzahl verschiedener Zustände, die zusammengemischt wurden und eine Basis des betreffenden Teilraums des Zustandsraums des Systems bilden. In diesem Fall der vollständigen <a href="Entartung_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Entartung (Quantenmechanik)">Entartung</a> ist die Dichtematrix das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{N}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{N}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b03987b91d53215cf8ee35f64b51055660d2a9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:2.295ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{N}}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Fache der Einheitsmatrix, so dass ein Zustandsgemisch aus anderen Basiszuständen dieses Teilraums die gleiche Dichtematrix haben und daher physikalisch dasselbe Zustandsgemisch beschreiben würde. Es ist daher in seinem solchen Gemisch unmöglich zu ermitteln, aus welchen Basiszuständen das Gemisch zusammengesetzt ist.
</p><p>Wurde zum Beispiel ein Gemisch nur aus zwei Basiszuständen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{1}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{1}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7917a2e2cb0d3c7191f41a4f7ee250f4d4c56fd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.119ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{1}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{2}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{2}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9cace1b140a568a4b9a90587dde3b342266bcf1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.119ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{2}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> zusammengesetzt, so ist der Dichteoperator im Allgemeinen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=p_{1}\;{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi _{1}}+p_{2}\;{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi _{2}}\ .}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=p_{1}\;{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi _{1}}+p_{2}\;{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi _{2}}\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86e920fc9355313aa609d461e9b9c10ec1fb4c18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.388ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=p_{1}\;{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi _{1}}+p_{2}\;{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{\psi _{2}}\ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{1,2}}">
<semantics>
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<mi>p</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{1,2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b14d10917ed5ae930df558c00304220540c1033.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.592ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{1,2}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{1}+p_{2}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{1}+p_{2}=1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab32d5b6eea69b0c54b2c9268167c36c0746ab89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:11.638ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{1}+p_{2}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> sind dabei die Gewichte oder relativen Häufigkeiten.
</p><p>Die Dichtematrix dieses Zustandsgemischs ist durch die Diagonalmatrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\begin{pmatrix}p_{1}&0\\0&p_{2}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\begin{pmatrix}p_{1}&0\\0&p_{2}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4e9c60b906a7e10aa203e7633bbe163ea423f5d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:15.417ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\begin{pmatrix}p_{1}&0\\0&p_{2}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gegeben. Die inkohärente Überlagerung von Systemen drückt sich im Verschwinden der Nichtdiagonalelemente aus, wenn (wie hier) die Systeme jeweils einen der Basiszustände besetzen. In einer anderen Basis, deren Zustände dann kohärente Überlagerungen der ursprünglichen Basiszustände sind, hat derselbe Dichteoperator im Allgemeinen auch Elemente außerhalb der Hauptdiagonale. Ausgenommen ist nur der Fall vollständiger Entartung, bei dem alle Basiszustände mit gleicher Häufigkeit vertreten sind.
</p><p>Im entgegengesetzten Fall sind alle Gewichte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bab39399bf5424f25d957cdc57c84a0622626d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.059ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> voneinander verschieden. Dann liegen die Eigenzustände eindeutig fest, und es lässt sich (prinzipiell) durch Messungen eindeutig erkennen, welche Basiszustände nach Gleichung (1) das Zustandsgemisch bilden. Dann ist auch die aus der klassischen Physik geläufige Vorstellung zulässig, dass ein aus dem Ensemble herausgegriffenes Objekt mit Sicherheit genau einen dieser Basiszustände einnimmt und nicht etwa in einem Zustand ihrer kohärenten Überlagerung ist.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insofern verhält sich ein solches Zustandsgemisch wie ein Gemisch vieler gleicher Systeme in der alltäglichen Anschauung oder der klassischen Physik. Allerdings muss man in der Quantenmechanik oft auch ein einzelnes System als Zustandsgemisch beschreiben. Dies ist z. B. notwendig, wenn ein System isoliert betrachtet werden soll, nachdem es mit einem anderen System in Wechselwirkung war und das aus beiden Systemen zusammengesetzte Gesamtsystem dabei in einen reinen, aber verschränkten Zustand übergegangen ist. Dieser Fall tritt bei jeder <a href="Quantenmechanische_Messung" title="Quantenmechanische Messung">quantenmechanischen Messung</a> ein.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dichteoperator_für_ein_kanonisches_Ensemble"><span id="Dichteoperator_f.C3.BCr_ein_kanonisches_Ensemble"></span>Dichteoperator für ein kanonisches Ensemble</h3></div>
<p>Der Dichteoperator für das <a href="Kanonisches_Ensemble" title="Kanonisches Ensemble">kanonische Ensemble</a> ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{-\beta {\hat {H}}}}{\rm {{Spur}\{e^{-\beta {\hat {H}}}\}}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
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<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
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<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{-\beta {\hat {H}}}}{\rm {{Spur}\{e^{-\beta {\hat {H}}}\}}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45379cece1c346e9073b92d5f11258b2d16af6bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:17.789ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{-\beta {\hat {H}}}}{\rm {{Spur}\{e^{-\beta {\hat {H}}}\}}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>In der Eigenbasis des Hamiltonoperators nimmt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.376ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Form (1) an. Analog erhält man für den Dichteoperator des großkanonischen Ensembles
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{-\beta ({\hat {H}}-\mu {\hat {N}})}}{\rm {{Spur}\{\mathrm {e} ^{-\beta ({\hat {H}}-\mu {\hat {N}})}\}}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
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</mrow>
</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{-\beta ({\hat {H}}-\mu {\hat {N}})}}{\rm {{Spur}\{\mathrm {e} ^{-\beta ({\hat {H}}-\mu {\hat {N}})}\}}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72ae9428554b2a890d46bc0a63ad6196284f28f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:22.57ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{-\beta ({\hat {H}}-\mu {\hat {N}})}}{\rm {{Spur}\{\mathrm {e} ^{-\beta ({\hat {H}}-\mu {\hat {N}})}\}}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zustandsgemisch_bei_einem_einzelnen_System">Zustandsgemisch bei einem einzelnen System</h3></div>
<p>Ein Zustandsgemisch liegt auch bei nur einem einzigen System vor, wenn es vor einer Messung mit einem zweiten System zu einem Gesamtsystem verschränkt war, so dass bestimmte reine Zustände des ersten Systems mit bestimmten reinen Zuständen des zweiten Systems vollständig korreliert waren. Wenn dann durch diese Messung, die gar nicht auf das erste System einwirkt, der Zustand des zweiten Systems zu einem bestimmten reinen <a href="Zustandsreduktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Zustandsreduktion">Zustand reduziert</a> wurde, der nicht als solcher zu den korrelierten Zuständen gehört hatte, muss anschließend das erste System als Zustandsgemisch behandelt werden.
</p><p>Dieser Fall ist häufig, zum Beispiel wenn ein Atom ein anderes stößt, dabei mit gewisser Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Anregung verursacht und dann unter einem bestimmten Ablenkwinkel auf einen Detektor trifft. Das getroffene Atom befindet sich danach in einem Zustandsgemisch in Form einer inkohärenten Überlagerung von angeregtem Zustand und Grundzustand. Wenn man durch eine Messung am getroffenen Atom die Richtung seines Rückstoßes festgestellt hätte, würde sich umgekehrt das stoßende Atom nun in einem Zustandsgemisch befinden, gebildet aus einer inkohärenten Überlagerung der gestreuten Wellen verschiedener Energie.
</p><p>Zur weiteren Beschreibung des einen Teilsystems benutzt man den <a href="#Reduzierter_Dichteoperator">Reduzierten Dichteoperator</a>, der sich aus dem vollen Dichteoperator des ursprünglichen Gesamtsystems durch partielle Spurbildung über das andere Teilsystem ergibt und danach keine Informationen über dieses mehr enthält. Diese durch Verschränkung vermittelte Veränderung des Zustands eines Systems, ohne dass es Objekt einer physikalischen Einwirkung geworden wäre, stellt einen der Aspekte der Quantenphysik dar, die für die Anschauung am schwierigsten sind (siehe z. B. <a href="Schr%C3%B6dingers_Katze" title="Schrödingers Katze">Schrödingers Katze</a>, <a href="Quantenverschr%C3%A4nkung" title="Quantenverschränkung">Quantenverschränkung</a>, <a href="EPR-Paradoxon" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR-Paradoxon">EPR-Paradoxon</a>, <a href="Quantenradierer" title="Quantenradierer">Quantenradierer</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Messwerte">Messwerte</h2></div>
<p>Für jeden einzelnen Bestandteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1284d734d01861923334d7ebfe1ddc855f25a66a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> des Zustandsgemischs ist der Mittelwert der Messergebnisse einer physikalischen Größe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben durch den Erwartungswert
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle A\rangle _{\psi _{i}}=\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\psi _{i}\rangle \ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle A\rangle _{\psi _{i}}=\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\psi _{i}\rangle \ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0207068b7aeb08edfaaed63e917f6d20f140694a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.31ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle A\rangle _{\psi _{i}}=\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\psi _{i}\rangle \ .}" loading="lazy"></span>
Darin ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f595a6c73d1183d6a1b2ac21fe47ac28c1483821.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> gehörige Operator (s. <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a>, <a href="Observable" title="Observable">Observable</a>).
</p><p>Da das Ensemble ein Gemisch von Systemen in den verschiedenen beteiligten Zuständen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1284d734d01861923334d7ebfe1ddc855f25a66a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> ist, ist der Mittelwert aller Messungen an den einzelnen Systemen die gewichtete Summe der einzelnen Erwartungswerte:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\psi _{i}\rangle \ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\psi _{i}\rangle \ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6de6c1fdac73de7ff212b257f21744fb72124bbc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:25.646ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\psi _{i}\rangle \ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies ist gleich der Spur
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}=\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}{\hat {A}})\ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}=\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}{\hat {A}})\ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2b9217a2449cd94e6fd7733aed965475534e849.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:16.69ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}=\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}{\hat {A}})\ ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wie man mit Hilfe eines vollständigen Systems von orthonormierten Basisvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db4117b2c8c8102de123fddfd8cd186d81134818.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.16ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> sehen kann: Wegen
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {1}}=\sum _{k}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \langle \varphi _{k}|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {1}}=\sum _{k}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \langle \varphi _{k}|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29b50d524c8f240fd97b19403932f75363cd32e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:16.324ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {1}}=\sum _{k}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \langle \varphi _{k}|}" loading="lazy"></span> (Einheitsoperator) ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}&=\sum _{i}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}\cdot {\hat {1}}|\psi _{i}\rangle =\sum _{i,k}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle \\&=\sum _{k}\langle \varphi _{k}|\;\left(\sum _{i}|\psi _{i}\rangle p_{i}\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}\right)\;|\varphi _{k}\rangle =\sum _{k}\langle \varphi _{k}|\;{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {A}}\;|\varphi _{k}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}{\hat {A}})\ .\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}&=\sum _{i}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}\cdot {\hat {1}}|\psi _{i}\rangle =\sum _{i,k}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle \\&=\sum _{k}\langle \varphi _{k}|\;\left(\sum _{i}|\psi _{i}\rangle p_{i}\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}\right)\;|\varphi _{k}\rangle =\sum _{k}\langle \varphi _{k}|\;{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {A}}\;|\varphi _{k}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}{\hat {A}})\ .\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0dc094c67610b99cdb6ab9b77caac9e55e53576.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.171ex; width:72.393ex; height:13.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}&=\sum _{i}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}\cdot {\hat {1}}|\psi _{i}\rangle =\sum _{i,k}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle \\&=\sum _{k}\langle \varphi _{k}|\;\left(\sum _{i}|\psi _{i}\rangle p_{i}\langle \psi _{i}|{\hat {A}}\right)\;|\varphi _{k}\rangle =\sum _{k}\langle \varphi _{k}|\;{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {A}}\;|\varphi _{k}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}{\hat {A}})\ .\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Sind die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db4117b2c8c8102de123fddfd8cd186d81134818.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.16ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> gerade die Eigenzustände zur Observable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> (d. h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}|\varphi _{k}\rangle =a_{k}|\varphi _{k}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}|\varphi _{k}\rangle =a_{k}|\varphi _{k}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e32a4f85614068571a6f1600f5f6a62e25a20dd6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.513ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}|\varphi _{k}\rangle =a_{k}|\varphi _{k}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> mit den Eigenwerten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05e256a120c3ab9f8958de71acdf81cd75065e3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.319ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>), dann gilt weiter
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}&=\sum _{i,k}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|a_{k}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle =\sum _{k}a_{k}\left(\sum _{i}p_{i}\;\langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle \;\langle \psi _{i}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \right)\\&=\sum _{k}a_{k}\left(\sum _{i}p_{i}\;|\langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle |^{2}\right)\;=\sum _{k}a_{k}P_{k}\ .\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}&=\sum _{i,k}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|a_{k}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle =\sum _{k}a_{k}\left(\sum _{i}p_{i}\;\langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle \;\langle \psi _{i}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \right)\\&=\sum _{k}a_{k}\left(\sum _{i}p_{i}\;|\langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle |^{2}\right)\;=\sum _{k}a_{k}P_{k}\ .\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f54d9030eb67f338a7e6ef54b65c2f40790c8c0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.171ex; width:70.05ex; height:15.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle A\rangle _{\hat {\rho }}&=\sum _{i,k}\;p_{i}\;\langle \psi _{i}|a_{k}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle =\sum _{k}a_{k}\left(\sum _{i}p_{i}\;\langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle \;\langle \psi _{i}|\varphi _{k}\rangle \right)\\&=\sum _{k}a_{k}\left(\sum _{i}p_{i}\;|\langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle |^{2}\right)\;=\sum _{k}a_{k}P_{k}\ .\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{k}=\sum _{i}p_{i}\;|\langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle |^{2}\ }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{k}=\sum _{i}p_{i}\;|\langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle |^{2}\ }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4aea88d0a9397ae15cbe1667b2cccf83d63e1304.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:22.342ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{k}=\sum _{i}p_{i}\;|\langle \varphi _{k}|\psi _{i}\rangle |^{2}\ }" loading="lazy"></span> das über das Ensemble gewichtete Mittel für die Wahrscheinlichkeit, ein herausgegriffenes System im Eigenzustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db4117b2c8c8102de123fddfd8cd186d81134818.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.16ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> anzutreffen. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c7bb3bc49771af415744e5dd40f5f93d14f5519.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.581ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist also auch die Wahrscheinlichkeit, bei einer einzelnen Messung den Eigenwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05e256a120c3ab9f8958de71acdf81cd75065e3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.319ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Ergebnis zu erhalten. Charakteristisch ist, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c7bb3bc49771af415744e5dd40f5f93d14f5519.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.581ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch eine <a href="Inkoh%C3%A4rent" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkohärent">inkohärente</a> Summe gegeben wird, die von den relativen Phasen der am Ensemble beteiligten Zustände <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1284d734d01861923334d7ebfe1ddc855f25a66a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> unabhängig ist.
</p><p>Umgekehrt lässt sich der Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f595a6c73d1183d6a1b2ac21fe47ac28c1483821.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch die aus seinen Eigenwerten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05e256a120c3ab9f8958de71acdf81cd75065e3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.319ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> und den Dichteoperatoren der Eigenzustände <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\varphi _{k}}=|\varphi _{k}\rangle \langle \varphi _{k}|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\varphi _{k}}=|\varphi _{k}\rangle \langle \varphi _{k}|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2eadf57c2a2a7c957538dd08fe88bc0d594ae7d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.398ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\varphi _{k}}=|\varphi _{k}\rangle \langle \varphi _{k}|}" loading="lazy"></span> gebildete Summe darstellen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}=\sum _{k}a_{k}\;{\hat {P}}_{\varphi _{k}}\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}=\sum _{k}a_{k}\;{\hat {P}}_{\varphi _{k}}\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad0bc9659de0069159ed3ec90d24e7020cae25cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:16.786ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}=\sum _{k}a_{k}\;{\hat {P}}_{\varphi _{k}}\ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel:_Dichteoperator_und_Dichtematrix_für_Elektronen-Polarisation"><span id="Beispiel:_Dichteoperator_und_Dichtematrix_f.C3.BCr_Elektronen-Polarisation"></span>Beispiel: Dichteoperator und Dichtematrix für Elektronen-Polarisation</h2></div>
<p>Die <b>Dichtematrix</b> ist die Matrix, mit der der Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.376ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> in Bezug auf eine orthonormierte Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db4117b2c8c8102de123fddfd8cd186d81134818.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.16ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{k}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> dargestellt werden kann:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{mn}=\langle \varphi _{m}|{\hat {\rho }}|\varphi _{n}\rangle .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{mn}=\langle \varphi _{m}|{\hat {\rho }}|\varphi _{n}\rangle .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2356071c981bcf5f71c4a3bd08e85098ff63b4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.021ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{mn}=\langle \varphi _{m}|{\hat {\rho }}|\varphi _{n}\rangle .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basiszustände"><span id="Basiszust.C3.A4nde"></span>Basiszustände</h3></div>
<p>Im Folgenden bezeichnet das Zeichen „<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \doteq }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>≐<!-- ≐ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \doteq }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de69082f1885891812d259864e762e1543db2d6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.307ex; margin-bottom: -0.478ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \doteq }" loading="lazy"></span>“, dass ein Bra, Ket oder ein Operator bezüglich einer Basis <a href="Darstellungstheorie" title="Darstellungstheorie">dargestellt</a> wird (vergleiche auch <a href="Bra-Ket#Darstellung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bra-Ket">Bra-Ket#Darstellung</a>).
Die Zustände „Spin auf“ (bezgl. z-Achse) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|{\uparrow }\right\rangle {\mathrel {\doteq }}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1\\0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mo>≐<!-- ≐ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|{\uparrow }\right\rangle {\mathrel {\doteq }}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1\\0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdaa509818e7e2697a509c13c8ad5fdde4b26d54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.612ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|{\uparrow }\right\rangle \mathrel {\doteq } {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1\\0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}" loading="lazy"></span>
und „Spin ab“ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|{\downarrow }\right\rangle \doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0\\1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≐<!-- ≐ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|{\downarrow }\right\rangle \doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0\\1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ee4361422dfb7941ec12fef14da9c14baa67538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:9.516ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|{\downarrow }\right\rangle \doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0\\1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}" loading="lazy"></span>
werden als ket-Vektoren durch Spalten dargestellt. Die zugehörigen bra-Vektoren sind dann Zeilenvektoren: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle {\uparrow }\right|\doteq (1\ 0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≐<!-- ≐ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle {\uparrow }\right|\doteq (1\ 0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05729d1847293d6b93021a9c9bc755e825a36acf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.527ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle {\uparrow }\right|\doteq (1\ 0)}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle {\downarrow }\right|\doteq (0\ 1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≐<!-- ≐ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle {\downarrow }\right|\doteq (0\ 1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e11664020bacf12a89293d60329a0b4f3458f76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.527ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle {\downarrow }\right|\doteq (0\ 1)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Projektionsoperatoren (durch <a href="Matrizenmultiplikation" title="Matrizenmultiplikation">Matrizenmultiplikation</a>):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\uparrow }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1\\0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\cdot (1\ 0)\ ={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\quad ,\ {\hat {P}}_{\downarrow }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0\\1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\cdot (0\ 1)\ ={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0\\0&1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≐<!-- ≐ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>.</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\uparrow }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1\\0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\cdot (1\ 0)\ ={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\quad ,\ {\hat {P}}_{\downarrow }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0\\1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\cdot (0\ 1)\ ={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0\\0&1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3405150f671c93511f0a4a82543931035211bb5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:54.663ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\uparrow }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1\\0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\cdot (1\ 0)\ ={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\quad ,\ {\hat {P}}_{\downarrow }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0\\1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\cdot (0\ 1)\ ={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0\\0&1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies sind auch die Dichtematrizen für vollständig in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d128a5e034d5136437e671ed08b7188cead3f33f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.896ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +z}" loading="lazy"></span>- bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78c4571a4a3ceb7e7e55712372835ebe65d20f3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.896ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung polarisierte Elektronen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polarisation_in_z-Richtung">Polarisation in z-Richtung</h3></div>
<p>Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Komponente des Spins hat die aus den Eigenwerten gebildete Diagonalmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {s}}_{z}\doteq \left({\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
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<mover>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {s}}_{z}\doteq \left({\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21ee0be90fc43ac5d40a5ae0afc8c125d5e64104.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.517ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {s}}_{z}\doteq \left({\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\ .}" loading="lazy"></span> Für das vorausgesagte Messergebnis ergibt sich für das Ensemble <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {P_{\uparrow }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {P_{\uparrow }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/280550bf64450026048e36243559e7d2c060f558.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.547ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {P_{\uparrow }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> richtig
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {P}}_{_{\uparrow }}\cdot {\hat {s}}_{z})=\operatorname {Tr} \left({\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\right)\ =\operatorname {Tr} {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{2}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {P}}_{_{\uparrow }}\cdot {\hat {s}}_{z})=\operatorname {Tr} \left({\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\right)\ =\operatorname {Tr} {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{2}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a292b65336e8ddeb972e7cd787e51fabc19bf9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:62.757ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {P}}_{_{\uparrow }}\cdot {\hat {s}}_{z})=\operatorname {Tr} \left({\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\right)\ =\operatorname {Tr} {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{2}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für das Ensemble <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\downarrow }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\downarrow }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/230f76e571a6b8e097602c4410aa79ddf1396883.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.866ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\downarrow }}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {P}}_{\downarrow }\cdot {\hat {s}}_{z})=\operatorname {Tr} {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {P}}_{\downarrow }\cdot {\hat {s}}_{z})=\operatorname {Tr} {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce3d8ed6d58bcac50623b8b792e33a38839fe07e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:39.947ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {P}}_{\downarrow }\cdot {\hat {s}}_{z})=\operatorname {Tr} {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andere_Polarisationsrichtung">Andere Polarisationsrichtung</h3></div>
<p>Die Zustände von in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2112b13188089a9983fb5b92fd192b21772d0dcc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.138ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +x}" loading="lazy"></span>- bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae55e66aeffc525917eed885b4b753ba5a7f8b3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.138ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung polarisierten Elektronen sind
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|{\rightarrow }\right\rangle \doteq \left({\begin{smallmatrix}{\sqrt {1/2}}\\{\sqrt {1/2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\;,\ \left|{\leftarrow }\right\rangle \doteq \left({\begin{smallmatrix}{\sqrt {1/2}}\\-{\sqrt {1/2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo>≐<!-- ≐ --></mo>
<mrow>
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<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
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<mo>≐<!-- ≐ --></mo>
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<mtr>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>/</mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
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</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mn>1</mn>
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</mtable>
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</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|{\rightarrow }\right\rangle \doteq \left({\begin{smallmatrix}{\sqrt {1/2}}\\{\sqrt {1/2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\;,\ \left|{\leftarrow }\right\rangle \doteq \left({\begin{smallmatrix}{\sqrt {1/2}}\\-{\sqrt {1/2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b1bbf81c833d34dfee65d2378297d08332bab33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:35.857ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|{\rightarrow }\right\rangle \doteq \left({\begin{smallmatrix}{\sqrt {1/2}}\\{\sqrt {1/2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\;,\ \left|{\leftarrow }\right\rangle \doteq \left({\begin{smallmatrix}{\sqrt {1/2}}\\-{\sqrt {1/2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right).}" loading="lazy"></span>
Die Projektionsoperatoren dazu haben (in der Basis der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fe17b6a1d1ce8d16e8753353f2b8b575ae4381d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.092ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Eigenzustände!) die Matrizen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\left|{\rightarrow }\right\rangle }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&1/2\\1/2&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\;,\ {\hat {P}}_{\left|{\leftarrow }\right\rangle }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\left|{\rightarrow }\right\rangle }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&1/2\\1/2&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\;,\ {\hat {P}}_{\left|{\leftarrow }\right\rangle }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72137715ebc685877f6ad4aa895949fca4dfc3b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:38.983ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}_{\left|{\rightarrow }\right\rangle }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&1/2\\1/2&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\;,\ {\hat {P}}_{\left|{\leftarrow }\right\rangle }\doteq {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\ .}" loading="lazy"></span>
Charakteristisch ist, dass dies keine Diagonalmatrizen sind und dass sich die verschiedenen Phasen, mit denen die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fe17b6a1d1ce8d16e8753353f2b8b575ae4381d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.092ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Eigenzustände als ket-Vektoren hier überlagert wurden, in den Matrixelementen außerhalb der <a href="Hauptdiagonale" title="Hauptdiagonale">Hauptdiagonale</a> wiederfinden. Das ist Ausdruck der kohärenten Überlagerung, durch die aus <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fe17b6a1d1ce8d16e8753353f2b8b575ae4381d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.092ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Eigenzuständen</span> die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
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<mi>x</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f738a5f93f694ded413a8f8da71081d0fdff4501.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.263ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{x}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Eigenzustände gebildet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unpolarisiertes_Ensemble">Unpolarisiertes Ensemble</h3></div>
<p>Sind die Elektronen je zur Hälfte in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e230885874bd5b52c262a0fbba652cd1dff7f6ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.896ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung polarisiert, heißt die Dichtematrix:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}\doteq {\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\ +{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0\\0&1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\cdot {\hat {1}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mover>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}\doteq {\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\ +{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0\\0&1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\cdot {\hat {1}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c972b039b571a51140ebe9350d6e3272253215c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:41.739ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}\doteq {\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\ +{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0\\0&1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\cdot {\hat {1}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die gleiche Dichtematrix ergibt sich für ein Gemisch aus Elektronen, die zu je 50 % in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c2940ab6bfca985862c19e00a1da494360054ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.138ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung (oder in eine beliebige andere Richtung) polarisiert sind. Damit sind auch alle möglichen Messergebnisse identisch zu denen am Ensemble, das aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e230885874bd5b52c262a0fbba652cd1dff7f6ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.896ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm z}" loading="lazy"></span>-polarisierten Elektronen gebildet wurde. Die ursprünglichen zur Definition des Ensembles benutzten Polarisationsrichtungen sind physikalisch (und damit auch begrifflich) nicht mehr zu unterscheiden: Es ist immer <i>ein und dasselbe</i> Ensemble entstanden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gemisch_verschiedener_Polarisationsrichtungen">Gemisch verschiedener Polarisationsrichtungen</h3></div>
<p>Beispielsweise für ein Gemisch aus Elektronen mit Spin in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (+z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (+z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ebbb4b578e916dd5a4766d4719691b65af14c37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.706ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (+z)}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (-x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (-x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/718a2fb194f45b6cad1685aea3737a741ca0ece3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.947ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (-x)}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung mit Anteilen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\uparrow }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\uparrow }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c0e10aace757a5e3325fde05234bb61fcac499c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.313ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\uparrow }}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\leftarrow }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">←<!-- ← --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\leftarrow }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47025882efd154110fde6d0818d2cf626513646c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.134ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\leftarrow }}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt die Dichtematrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{p_{_{\uparrow }},p_{_{\leftarrow }}}=p_{\uparrow }\;{\hat {P}}_{\left|{\uparrow }\right\rangle }+p_{\leftarrow }\;{\hat {P}}_{\left|{\leftarrow }\right\rangle }\doteq p_{\uparrow }\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\ +p_{\leftarrow }\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=\left({\begin{smallmatrix}p_{_{\uparrow }}+{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\\-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">←<!-- ← --></mo>
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</msub>
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<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
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<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
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<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">←<!-- ← --></mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{p_{_{\uparrow }},p_{_{\leftarrow }}}=p_{\uparrow }\;{\hat {P}}_{\left|{\uparrow }\right\rangle }+p_{\leftarrow }\;{\hat {P}}_{\left|{\leftarrow }\right\rangle }\doteq p_{\uparrow }\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\ +p_{\leftarrow }\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=\left({\begin{smallmatrix}p_{_{\uparrow }}+{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\\-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0335e3fcdbb1a1bc9a38ed1d29322a0bb8d50bec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:79.426ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{p_{_{\uparrow }},p_{_{\leftarrow }}}=p_{\uparrow }\;{\hat {P}}_{\left|{\uparrow }\right\rangle }+p_{\leftarrow }\;{\hat {P}}_{\left|{\leftarrow }\right\rangle }\doteq p_{\uparrow }\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\ +p_{\leftarrow }\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=\left({\begin{smallmatrix}p_{_{\uparrow }}+{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\\-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Erwartungswert des Spins in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e230885874bd5b52c262a0fbba652cd1dff7f6ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.896ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung ist dann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{p_{_{\uparrow }},p_{_{\leftarrow }}}\cdot {\hat {s}}_{z})\doteq \operatorname {Tr} \left(\left({\begin{smallmatrix}p_{_{\uparrow }}+{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\\-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\right)=\operatorname {Tr} \left(\left({\begin{smallmatrix}{\tfrac {1}{2}}\left(p_{_{\uparrow }}+{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\right)&{\tfrac {p_{_{\uparrow }}}{4}}\\-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{4}}&-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{4}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\right)={\tfrac {1}{2}}p_{\uparrow }.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">←<!-- ← --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
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<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">←<!-- ← --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">←<!-- ← --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
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</mstyle>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
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<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">←<!-- ← --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
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<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
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</mtd>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">←<!-- ← --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">←<!-- ← --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
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</mrow>
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</mtr>
</mtable>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
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<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{p_{_{\uparrow }},p_{_{\leftarrow }}}\cdot {\hat {s}}_{z})\doteq \operatorname {Tr} \left(\left({\begin{smallmatrix}p_{_{\uparrow }}+{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\\-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\right)=\operatorname {Tr} \left(\left({\begin{smallmatrix}{\tfrac {1}{2}}\left(p_{_{\uparrow }}+{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\right)&{\tfrac {p_{_{\uparrow }}}{4}}\\-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{4}}&-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{4}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\right)={\tfrac {1}{2}}p_{\uparrow }.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/607c00373d666fc6efa8e97d076e4fce38cb6634.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:96.935ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{p_{_{\uparrow }},p_{_{\leftarrow }}}\cdot {\hat {s}}_{z})\doteq \operatorname {Tr} \left(\left({\begin{smallmatrix}p_{_{\uparrow }}+{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\\-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}&{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\cdot {\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&0\\0&-1/2\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}\right)=\operatorname {Tr} \left(\left({\begin{smallmatrix}{\tfrac {1}{2}}\left(p_{_{\uparrow }}+{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{2}}\right)&{\tfrac {p_{_{\uparrow }}}{4}}\\-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{4}}&-{\tfrac {p_{_{\leftarrow }}}{4}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\right)={\tfrac {1}{2}}p_{\uparrow }.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die in (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae55e66aeffc525917eed885b4b753ba5a7f8b3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.138ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -x}" loading="lazy"></span>)-Richtung polarisierten Elektronen tragen also erwartungsgemäß nichts zum Erwartungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebc40b4fdcaf929bec8208b1bc2e80b9a8e8000c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.103ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle {\hat {s}}_{z}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> bei.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formale_Definition">Formale Definition</h2></div>
<p>Gegeben sei ein <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">quantenmechanisches</a> System, das auf einem <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f017b876ed763037d8818ec5dfbbdc6703e0f683.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }" loading="lazy"></span> modelliert ist.
Ein beschränkter <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">linearer Operator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.376ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f017b876ed763037d8818ec5dfbbdc6703e0f683.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein Dichteoperator, wenn gilt:
</p>
<ol><li>er ist <a href="Hermitescher_Operator" title="Hermitescher Operator">hermitesch</a>,</li>
<li>er ist <a href="Positiv_semidefinit" class="mw-redirect" title="Positiv semidefinit">positiv semidefinit</a>,</li>
<li>er ist <a href="Spurklasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Spurklasse">Spurklasse</a> mit Spur gleich 1.</li></ol>
<p>Obwohl die Begriffe <b>Dichtematrix</b> und <b>Dichteoperator</b> oft synonym gebraucht werden, besteht ein mathematischer Unterschied. Genau wie in der <a href="Lineare_Algebra" title="Lineare Algebra">linearen Algebra</a> eine <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a> die Basisdarstellung eines linearen Operators ist, kann in der Quantenmechanik zwischen abstraktem <i>Dichteoperator</i> und einer konkreten <i>Dichtematrix</i> in einer bestimmten Darstellung unterschieden werden. Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.376ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Dichteoperator, so bezeichnet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (x,y)=\langle x|{\hat {\rho }}|y\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (x,y)=\langle x|{\hat {\rho }}|y\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a10e230fa508d198582bac4ef3965bd40ab08fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.593ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (x,y)=\langle x|{\hat {\rho }}|y\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die Dichtematrix in <a href="Ortsdarstellung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortsdarstellung">Ortsdarstellung</a>. Sie ist allerdings keine echte Matrix, da die Ortsdarstellung über ein Kontinuum von <i>uneigentlichen</i> <a href="Basisvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Basisvektor">Basisvektoren</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |x\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |x\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48004887d8f9dfc489bd2bc793780b7f1d8039ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |x\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> definiert ist, sondern ein so genannter <a href="Integralkern" class="mw-redirect" title="Integralkern">Integralkern</a>.
</p><p>In endlichdimensionalen Hilberträumen (z. B. bei Spinsystemen) ergibt sich dagegen dann eine positiv semidefinite Matrix mit Spur 1, also eine echte Dichtematrix, wenn eine <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba77c5a75ef9e230d1a36183785477a2eb3c5c1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.025ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> gewählt wird:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{ij}=\langle \mathbf {e} _{i}|{\hat {\rho }}|\mathbf {e} _{j}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{ij}=\langle \mathbf {e} _{i}|{\hat {\rho }}|\mathbf {e} _{j}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb0effcbe151f3c9a851a8728f9b6922ad38e42d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.416ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{ij}=\langle \mathbf {e} _{i}|{\hat {\rho }}|\mathbf {e} _{j}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<ul><li>Die Menge aller Dichteoperatoren ist eine <a href="Konvexe_Menge" title="Konvexe Menge">konvexe Menge</a>, deren <a href="Rand_(Topologie)" title="Rand (Topologie)">Rand</a> die Menge der reinen (quantenmechanischen) Zustände ist. Die Menge ist im Gegensatz zu klassischen Theorien kein <a href="Simplex_(Mathematik)" title="Simplex (Mathematik)">Simplex</a>, d. h. ein Dichteoperator ist im Allgemeinen nicht eindeutig als <a href="Konvexkombination" class="mw-redirect" title="Konvexkombination">Konvexkombination</a> von reinen Zuständen darstellbar.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, bei der Messung einer <a href="Observable" title="Observable">Observablen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> an einem System, das durch den Dichteoperator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.376ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben wird, den Messwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> zu erhalten, ist gegeben durch</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{a}=\sum _{i}\left\langle a_{i}\right|{\hat {\rho }}\left|a_{i}\right\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}{\hat {\rho }}),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{a}=\sum _{i}\left\langle a_{i}\right|{\hat {\rho }}\left|a_{i}\right\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}{\hat {\rho }}),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86c5fec25b8c518de2b16df557f1d90812bb0988.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:30.555ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{a}=\sum _{i}\left\langle a_{i}\right|{\hat {\rho }}\left|a_{i}\right\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}{\hat {\rho }}),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|a_{i}\right\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|a_{i}\right\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe857d9165d024fb9c19d6803c6b4e3cc45c5c4f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.581ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|a_{i}\right\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> die orthonormierten <a href="Eigenvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvektor">Eigenvektoren</a> zum <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwert</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> sind und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a964b201861627ea8b1e57ff594b697e4a06817.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.522ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Projektionsoperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Projektionsoperator">Projektionsoperator</a> auf den entsprechenden <a href="Eigenraum" title="Eigenraum">Eigenraum</a> ist. Anschließend befindet sich das System im Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}}{\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a})}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}}{\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a})}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e8b8905c97a35b8c0c2d7b3c625954df5349991.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:12.302ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}}{\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {\mathbb {P} }}_{a})}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Der Mittelwert der Messwerte (<a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a>) bei Messung einer Observablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle {\hat {A}}\right\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {A}}{\hat {\rho }}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>⟨</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⟩</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle {\hat {A}}\right\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {A}}{\hat {\rho }}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f00ac146919f456e783cb4681e15609cc80edad3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.912ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle {\hat {A}}\right\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {A}}{\hat {\rho }}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dichtematrix_für_reine_Zustände"><span id="Dichtematrix_f.C3.BCr_reine_Zust.C3.A4nde"></span>Dichtematrix für reine Zustände</h3></div>
<p>Besteht das <a href="Ensemble_(Physik)" title="Ensemble (Physik)">Ensemble</a> nur aus Systemen im selben reinen Zustand, so gilt für die Dichtematrix
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} \,({\hat {\rho }}^{2})=\operatorname {Tr} \,({\hat {\rho }})=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} \,({\hat {\rho }}^{2})=\operatorname {Tr} \,({\hat {\rho }})=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34f531a3bd453d43d41f4af117c742239cb37668.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.737ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} \,({\hat {\rho }}^{2})=\operatorname {Tr} \,({\hat {\rho }})=1}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Für Zustandsgemische gilt stets <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} \,({\hat {\rho }}^{2})<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} \,({\hat {\rho }}^{2})<1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601cd32fff61ed197d498e86c1eeef40f0c98f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.477ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} \,({\hat {\rho }}^{2})<1}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dichtematrix_für_ein_gleichverteiltes_Ensemble"><span id="Dichtematrix_f.C3.BCr_ein_gleichverteiltes_Ensemble"></span>Dichtematrix für ein gleichverteiltes Ensemble</h3></div>
<p>Ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>-Niveau-System, bei dem alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> Zustände gleich wahrscheinlich sind, hat die Dichtematrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\frac {1}{N}}\ \mathbf {1} _{N}\ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\frac {1}{N}}\ \mathbf {1} _{N}\ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a15a08422b766e6819b0e5e39f5f34b0860c269.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.21ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}={\frac {1}{N}}\ \mathbf {1} _{N}\ ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} _{N}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} _{N}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92405b45fa8bf31efbfe9d79014d37ab768fa21d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.028ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} _{N}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale <a href="Einheitsmatrix" title="Einheitsmatrix">Einheitsmatrix</a> bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reduzierter_Dichteoperator">Reduzierter Dichteoperator</h2></div>
<p>Der reduzierte Dichteoperator bezieht sich auf ein herausgegriffenes Teilsystem eines zusammengesetzten Systems und dient dazu, die Ergebnisse von Messungen an dem Teilsystem vorherzusagen, wenn die übrigen Teile des Systems gar nicht mitbeobachtet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der reduzierte Dichteoperator wurde 1930 durch <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> eingeführt.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> zwei Systeme mit (normierten) Zuständen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{A}\rangle \,,|\varphi _{B}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{A}\rangle \,,|\varphi _{B}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a0a3f34442d60aa565609cc3259eec439ad8f0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.502ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{A}\rangle \,,|\varphi _{B}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> in ihrem jeweiligen Hilbertraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A},\ \mathbb {H} _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A},\ \mathbb {H} _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2df5955cc8f00133d4094f08c6b761611a15c70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.175ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A},\ \mathbb {H} _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann hat das zusammengesetzte System <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A+B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A+B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4279cdbd3cb8ec4c3423065d9a7d83a82cfc89e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.348ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A+B}" loading="lazy"></span> den <a href="Zustand_(Quantenmechanik)#Zustände_von_zusammengesetzten_Systemen,_Tensorraum" title="Zustand (Quantenmechanik)">Tensorraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}\otimes \mathbb {H} _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}\otimes \mathbb {H} _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9d98026fa57a7400775e6c8de3a536337a32d7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.401ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}\otimes \mathbb {H} _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span> zum Hilbertraum. Das Gesamtsystem befindet sich in einem <i>separablen</i> Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{A}\rangle \,|\varphi _{B}\rangle \in \mathbb {H} _{A}\otimes \mathbb {H} _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{A}\rangle \,|\varphi _{B}\rangle \in \mathbb {H} _{A}\otimes \mathbb {H} _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e01428ebed65dd9e0f3020ad7964382271f2138f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.71ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{A}\rangle \,|\varphi _{B}\rangle \in \mathbb {H} _{A}\otimes \mathbb {H} _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn feststeht, dass die beiden Teilsysteme sich in den Zuständen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{A}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{A}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61e55bdcbc7a809ff87fd5f3118d85b6609ca36d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.529ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{A}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{B}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi _{B}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a7c198d69360ab821d76796c475e39beb1e4db0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.551ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{B}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> befinden. Allgemein befindet sich das Gesamtsystem in einem Zustand
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{ik}\,c_{ik}\,|\psi _{Ai}\rangle \,|\varphi _{Bk}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{ik}\,c_{ik}\,|\psi _{Ai}\rangle \,|\varphi _{Bk}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9993c15b57459c49ca026bc8e1eff8374cbb318e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:24.529ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{ik}\,c_{ik}\,|\psi _{Ai}\rangle \,|\varphi _{Bk}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>(mit orthonormierten Basisvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{Ai}\rangle \,,\,|\varphi _{Bk}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{Ai}\rangle \,,\,|\varphi _{Bk}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a5015bcc6f0f4a3681d78459b832cd5d8476bd17.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.313ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{Ai}\rangle \,,\,|\varphi _{Bk}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> und Konstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{ik}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{ik}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a69249b1ec7525f6021187e42e75a9bb40134789.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.663ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{ik}}" loading="lazy"></span> ), der als <a href="Quantenverschr%C3%A4nkung" title="Quantenverschränkung">verschränkt</a> bezeichnet wird, wenn er sich <i>nicht</i> als separabler Zustand darstellen lässt.
</p><p>Für eine Observable des Teilsystems <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ee488c1037a0be79c8d62a076390c9f28e11f76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.851ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}" loading="lazy"></span> zunächst nur im Hilbertraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae0f7e97fe067b7b10ca9186f6b560b1bf21a09d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.273ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert. Für die Messung dieser, nur das System <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> betreffenden Observablen am Gesamtsystem muss der Operator gemäß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba1d15aa864a17571bc10f98ed6383a048443fd9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.508ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu einem Operator auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}\otimes \mathbb {H} _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}\otimes \mathbb {H} _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9d98026fa57a7400775e6c8de3a536337a32d7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.401ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}\otimes \mathbb {H} _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span> erweitert werden, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3b0d227e514fdb3bd99e67fd685fa5f89ce2ac0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.816ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Einheitsoperator in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{B}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{B}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c055f79dd5955d294a28d1e7e3bc7517158d935d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.288ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{B}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p><p>Ist der Zustand des Systems separabel, dann ergibt sich der Erwartungswert
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \psi _{A}|\,\langle \varphi _{B}|\,\left({\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\right)\,|\psi _{A}\rangle \,|\varphi _{B}\rangle =\langle \psi _{A}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{A}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{B}|{\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\,|\varphi _{B}\rangle =\langle \psi _{A}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{A}\rangle \ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \psi _{A}|\,\langle \varphi _{B}|\,\left({\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\right)\,|\psi _{A}\rangle \,|\varphi _{B}\rangle =\langle \psi _{A}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{A}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{B}|{\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\,|\varphi _{B}\rangle =\langle \psi _{A}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{A}\rangle \ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5aad9e7dba0879472a61ce8165be0d6106c18653.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:77.771ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \psi _{A}|\,\langle \varphi _{B}|\,\left({\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\right)\,|\psi _{A}\rangle \,|\varphi _{B}\rangle =\langle \psi _{A}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{A}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{B}|{\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\,|\varphi _{B}\rangle =\langle \psi _{A}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{A}\rangle \ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das stimmt mit dem Ergebnis überein, das man erhält, wenn man das Teilsystem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> von vornherein als ein isoliertes System betrachtet.
</p><p>Im Allgemeinen hingegen folgt für den Erwartungswert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle \Psi |\,\left({\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\right)\,|\Psi \rangle &=\sum _{ik\,i'k'}c_{ik}c_{i'k'}^{*}\langle \psi _{Ai'}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{Ai}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{Bk'}|{\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\,|\varphi _{Bk}\rangle \\&=\sum _{ii'}\left(\sum _{k}c_{ik}c_{i'k}^{*}\right)\langle \psi _{Ai'}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{Ai}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})\,.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
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<mi>k</mi>
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</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
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<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle \Psi |\,\left({\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\right)\,|\Psi \rangle &=\sum _{ik\,i'k'}c_{ik}c_{i'k'}^{*}\langle \psi _{Ai'}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{Ai}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{Bk'}|{\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\,|\varphi _{Bk}\rangle \\&=\sum _{ii'}\left(\sum _{k}c_{ik}c_{i'k}^{*}\right)\langle \psi _{Ai'}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{Ai}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})\,.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79acfaabca6af4750fe871b81d158638f6637d56.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.505ex; width:68.997ex; height:14.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle \Psi |\,\left({\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\right)\,|\Psi \rangle &=\sum _{ik\,i'k'}c_{ik}c_{i'k'}^{*}\langle \psi _{Ai'}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{Ai}\rangle \cdot \langle \varphi _{Bk'}|{\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\,|\varphi _{Bk}\rangle \\&=\sum _{ii'}\left(\sum _{k}c_{ik}c_{i'k}^{*}\right)\langle \psi _{Ai'}|\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A}|\psi _{Ai}\rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})\,.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\rho _{\!A})_{ii'}=\sum _{k}c_{ik}c_{i'k}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\rho _{\!A})_{ii'}=\sum _{k}c_{ik}c_{i'k}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9958ebe903131c972f7cb8e6d2d4844ebba072eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:18.686ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\rho _{\!A})_{ii'}=\sum _{k}c_{ik}c_{i'k}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>der reduzierte Dichteoperator für das Teilsystem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert, wenn das Gesamtsystem im Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5471531a3fe80741a839bc98d49fae862a6439a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi }" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Er ist ein Operator im Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae0f7e97fe067b7b10ca9186f6b560b1bf21a09d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.273ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} _{A}}" loading="lazy"></span> und entsteht aus der Matrix des Dichteoperators für das Gesamtsystem
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\rho _{\!A+B})_{iki'k'}=c_{ik}c_{i'k'}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\rho _{\!A+B})_{iki'k'}=c_{ik}c_{i'k'}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/644350a2471e8ea1719eb5bf8552cf0e14b73d89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:20.246ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\rho _{\!A+B})_{iki'k'}=c_{ik}c_{i'k'}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wenn nur die Glieder mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=k'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=k'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1850e16ed4ac1d1d3a126488fb6ac9511e76128.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.206ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=k'}" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet werden und durch Summierung über den Index <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=k'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=k'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1850e16ed4ac1d1d3a126488fb6ac9511e76128.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.206ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=k'}" loading="lazy"></span> der Basiszustände des Teilsystems <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Partialspur" class="mw-redirect" title="Partialspur">partielle Spur</a> gebildet wird.
</p><p>Der reduzierte Dichteoperator hängt nicht von der Wahl des Operators <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ee488c1037a0be79c8d62a076390c9f28e11f76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.851ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}" loading="lazy"></span> ab. Daher gilt die Formel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \Psi |\,\left({\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\right)\,|\Psi \rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \Psi |\,\left({\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\right)\,|\Psi \rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f6baad437e4a2f53233e07b731318065cb6c9d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.74ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \Psi |\,\left({\hat {O}}_{\!A}\otimes {\hat {\mathbf {1} }}_{B}\right)\,|\Psi \rangle =\operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit demselben <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/560481f25dc07fae0476a5e1ca64d68f3e3a22d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.453ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}}" loading="lazy"></span> für jeden Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ee488c1037a0be79c8d62a076390c9f28e11f76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.851ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Mithin ermöglicht der reduzierte Dichteoperator die Berechnung sämtlicher Erwartungswerte von Observablen, die nur das Teilsystem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> betreffen, und stellt damit die vollständige Beschreibung des Zustands dieses Teilsystems dar.
</p><p>Eine einfache Interpretation des reduzierten Dichteoperators ergibt sich, wenn man bei gegebenem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ee488c1037a0be79c8d62a076390c9f28e11f76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.851ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}" loading="lazy"></span> (mit Eigenwerten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af4a0955af42beb5f85aa05fb8c07abedc13990d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.724ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>) für die Basiszustände <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{Ai}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{Ai}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdeb9dde6e5036609f29f51319c0accafb9c0ab2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.097ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{Ai}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> die Eigenvektoren dieses Operators wählt. Dann ist der Erwartungswert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ee488c1037a0be79c8d62a076390c9f28e11f76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.851ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {O}}_{\!A}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein inkohärent gewichteter Mittelwert von dessen Eigenwerten:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})=\sum _{i}\left(\sum _{k}|c_{ik}|^{2}\right)X_{i}.\ }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})=\sum _{i}\left(\sum _{k}|c_{ik}|^{2}\right)X_{i}.\ }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45cd9726908f00dc386f14ef87adfc124dd13783.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:34.091ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})=\sum _{i}\left(\sum _{k}|c_{ik}|^{2}\right)X_{i}.\ }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für den Fall, dass das Teilsystem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> sich in einem dieser Eigenzustände <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{A{i_{0}}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{A{i_{0}}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd89ea6d83824656bf3c417158f05d55292c82eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.928ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{A{i_{0}}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> befindet, so dass das Gesamtsystem in einem separablen Zustand vorliegt, z. B. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{A{i_{0}}}\rangle |\varphi _{B}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{A{i_{0}}}\rangle |\varphi _{B}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0cdfbd848b96684768b08709d31985b4bf2ad22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.48ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{A{i_{0}}}\rangle |\varphi _{B}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>, ergibt diese Formel das erwartete Ergebnis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})=X_{i_{0}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>O</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})=X_{i_{0}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/679baf6a471216ff8f2400028acff3d09375b01e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.391ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tr} ({\hat {\rho }}_{\!A}\,{\hat {O}}_{\!A})=X_{i_{0}},}" loading="lazy"></span> denn alle Glieder mit Index <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\neq i_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\neq i_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1ff22fe8e10a6b7be5de3f6f455e0cdbbb07d1d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.758ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\neq i_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind Null, und die Summe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(\sum _{k}|c_{i_{0}k}|^{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(\sum _{k}|c_{i_{0}k}|^{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb1d952231def790b5b39fad6a8da2b2fafd51e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:13.266ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(\sum _{k}|c_{i_{0}k}|^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Norm von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{B}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi _{B}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a7c198d69360ab821d76796c475e39beb1e4db0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.551ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi _{B}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>, also gleich 1.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einteilchendichteoperator">Einteilchendichteoperator</h2></div>
<p>Der Einteilchendichteoperator<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ist bei einem Vielteilchensystem der auf den Hilbertraum eines Teilchens reduzierte Dichteoperator. Bei Systemen identischer Teilchen genügt die Kenntnis des Einteilchendichteoperators, um Erwartungswerte und Übergangsmatrixelemente jedes Operators auszurechnen, der die Summe von Einteilchenoperatoren ist. Das betrifft z. B. die kinetische Energie und die potenzielle Energie in einem äußeren Feld und ist daher ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel bei der Modellierung der Elektronenhülle von Atomen und Molekülen. Die Berechnungen werden häufig in Ortsdarstellung durchgeführt, also basierend auf der <i>N</i>-Teilchen-Wellenfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi ({\vec {r}}_{1},m_{s1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN},)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi ({\vec {r}}_{1},m_{s1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN},)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca93f5e4edcf9e2ef3993ac7376d772dc42ee9ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.443ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi ({\vec {r}}_{1},m_{s1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN},)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Darin sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i},m_{si},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i},m_{si},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d07e4d1f602c6c6e7fc130d9674be2bfd07ab58.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.315ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i},m_{si},}" loading="lazy"></span> die Orts- und Spinkoordinate des <i>i</i>-ten Teilchens. In der Matrixdarstellung treten sie hier als z. T. kontinuierliche Indizes auf und werden deshalb nicht als unterer Index, sondern wie das Argument einer Funktion geschrieben. Die Dichtematrix des Gesamtsystems heißt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ({\vec {r}}_{1}',m_{s1}',\,{\vec {r}}_{2}',m_{s2}',\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N}',m_{sN}',\ {\vec {r}}_{1},m_{s1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ({\vec {r}}_{1}',m_{s1}',\,{\vec {r}}_{2}',m_{s2}',\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N}',m_{sN}',\ {\vec {r}}_{1},m_{s1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4c82213fdc1363002ff99cfa2e34ec00e03249e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:64.209ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ({\vec {r}}_{1}',m_{s1}',\,{\vec {r}}_{2}',m_{s2}',\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N}',m_{sN}',\ {\vec {r}}_{1},m_{s1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =\Psi ^{*}({\vec {r}}_{1}',m_{s1}',\,{\vec {r}}_{2}',m_{s2}',\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N}',m_{sN}')\cdot \Psi ({\vec {r}}_{1},m_{s1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =\Psi ^{*}({\vec {r}}_{1}',m_{s1}',\,{\vec {r}}_{2}',m_{s2}',\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N}',m_{sN}')\cdot \Psi ({\vec {r}}_{1},m_{s1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29bf73b5dfd6927d8791a7ee7e354b708fe94329.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:72.652ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =\Psi ^{*}({\vec {r}}_{1}',m_{s1}',\,{\vec {r}}_{2}',m_{s2}',\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N}',m_{sN}')\cdot \Psi ({\vec {r}}_{1},m_{s1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Einteilchendichtematrix ist dann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{1}({\vec {r}}',s',\ {\vec {r}},s)=\sum _{m_{s2},\ldots m_{sN}}\int _{\mathrm {d} V_{2}\ldots \mathrm {d} V_{N}}\Psi ^{*}({\vec {r}}',s',\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN})\cdot \Psi ({\vec {r}},s,\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{1}({\vec {r}}',s',\ {\vec {r}},s)=\sum _{m_{s2},\ldots m_{sN}}\int _{\mathrm {d} V_{2}\ldots \mathrm {d} V_{N}}\Psi ^{*}({\vec {r}}',s',\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN})\cdot \Psi ({\vec {r}},s,\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51e6e4fa9df42be13b9947836828476f0637e6bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:99.602ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{1}({\vec {r}}',s',\ {\vec {r}},s)=\sum _{m_{s2},\ldots m_{sN}}\int _{\mathrm {d} V_{2}\ldots \mathrm {d} V_{N}}\Psi ^{*}({\vec {r}}',s',\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN})\cdot \Psi ({\vec {r}},s,\,{\vec {r}}_{2},m_{s2},\ldots ,\,{\vec {r}}_{N},m_{sN}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Wahl der (<i>N</i>-1) Integrations- (bzw. Summations-)variablen mit den Nummern 2 bis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> ist beliebig, da die Wellenfunktion bei identischen Teilchen gegenüber Umnummerierung höchstens das Vorzeichen wechselt und daher für die Einteilchendichtematrix immer dasselbe Ergebnis herauskommt.
</p><p>Das Diagonalelement <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{1}({\vec {r}},s,\,{\vec {r}},s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{1}({\vec {r}},s,\,{\vec {r}},s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26e0cbc2a8ccde697aa38a732b4314426b78ff6e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.181ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{1}({\vec {r}},s,\,{\vec {r}},s)}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt die Gesamtdichte an, die die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> Teilchen am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6aec3c9ce13b53e9e24c98e7cce4212627884c91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.223ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Spinrichtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/488560816fccdf62695552ac8bf0611a0d5c09b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.044ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{s}}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden.
</p><p>Da der Einteilchendichteoperator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85bdda5aa0e7a9952963a5235eac115328090b7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.43ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> hermitesch ist, gibt es eine Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{|\chi _{n}\rangle \,,n=1,2,\ldots \}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{|\chi _{n}\rangle \,,n=1,2,\ldots \}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a69c348a0e5d674344d88d4abd37a93cf6a14ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.58ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{|\chi _{n}\rangle \,,n=1,2,\ldots \}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus Eigenzuständen: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{1}|\chi _{n}\rangle =\lambda _{n}|\chi _{n}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{1}|\chi _{n}\rangle =\lambda _{n}|\chi _{n}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e4e3d308ef85127e9bc9382dee80192be1142ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.552ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}_{1}|\chi _{n}\rangle =\lambda _{n}|\chi _{n}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>. Für die Eigenwerte gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq \lambda _{n}\leq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq \lambda _{n}\leq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/916e3307045a2343a8bf3d3375e5ee2b8d5fb4a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.096ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq \lambda _{n}\leq 1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{n}\lambda _{n}=N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{n}\lambda _{n}=N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/faaa280302c92e3039eef6f7c273399fa5bbe32e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:11.478ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{n}\lambda _{n}=N}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> Eigenzustände mit den größten Eigenwerten heißen <i>natürliche Orbitale</i>. Wenn man jedes natürliche Orbital mit einem Teilchen besetzt, also einen Zustand in Form der <a href="Slater-Determinante" title="Slater-Determinante">Slater-Determinante</a> bildet, stellt diese die beste Annäherung an die ursprüngliche <i>N</i>-Teilchen-Wellenfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5471531a3fe80741a839bc98d49fae862a6439a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi }" loading="lazy"></span> dar, die man im Rahmen eines Einzelteilchenmodells in Bezug auf die gesamte Teilchendichte erreichen kann.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zeitentwicklung">Zeitentwicklung</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Von-Neumann-Gleichung" title="Von-Neumann-Gleichung">Von-Neumann-Gleichung</a></i></div>
<p>Aus der <a href="Schr%C3%B6dingergleichung" title="Schrödingergleichung">Schrödingergleichung</a>, die die Zeitentwicklung (Dynamik) reiner Quantenzustände beschreibt, kann man unmittelbar die Zeitentwicklung eines <a href="Reiner_und_gemischter_Zustand" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiner und gemischter Zustand">Zustandsgemischs</a> ableiten. Dazu benutzt man eine beliebige Zerlegung der Dichtematrix in reine Zustände, deren Dynamik der Schrödinger-Gleichung genügt, und berechnet daraus die Dynamik des Zustandsgemischs zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\hat {\rho }}}{\partial t}}={\frac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}\left[{\hat {\rho }},{\hat {H}}\right],}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\hat {\rho }}}{\partial t}}={\frac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}\left[{\hat {\rho }},{\hat {H}}\right],}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8986de75234e050c45545b0128c54c5ccb71a4a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.86ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\hat {\rho }}}{\partial t}}={\frac {\mathrm {i} }{\hbar }}\left[{\hat {\rho }},{\hat {H}}\right],}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bb06de5217295d7fbdbf68fb9c5309a513fc99e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Hamilton-Operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton-Operator">Hamilton-Operator</a> des Systems ist. Diese Gleichung ist als <a href="Von-Neumann-Gleichung" title="Von-Neumann-Gleichung">von-Neumannsche Bewegungsgleichung</a> bekannt (nicht zu verwechseln mit der Heisenbergschen Bewegungsgleichung).
</p><p>Diese <a href="Differentialgleichung" title="Differentialgleichung">Differentialgleichung</a> kann man für zeitunabhängige Hamilton-Operatoren lösen und erhält mit dem <a href="Unit%C3%A4rer_Operator" title="Unitärer Operator">unitären</a> <a href="Zeitentwicklungs-Operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitentwicklungs-Operator">Zeitentwicklungs-Operator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t)=\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} Ht/\hbar }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t)=\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} Ht/\hbar }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb0bcaf03555a4123f529f1ddbd484294495b247.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.329ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t)=\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} Ht/\hbar }}" loading="lazy"></span> die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}(t)={\hat {U}}(t)\;{\hat {\rho }}(0)\;{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}(t)={\hat {U}}(t)\;{\hat {\rho }}(0)\;{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b640b30662cb8a9cdde5abb6ce24ed4f0b8a2b9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.586ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}(t)={\hat {U}}(t)\;{\hat {\rho }}(0)\;{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Diese Lösung kann man durch Einsetzen leicht überprüfen.
</p><p>Bemerkenswert ist hierbei, dass für den Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3738abe482389decc7fafef3e80b85c3cee782f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.431ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> die übliche <a href="Heisenbergsche_Bewegungsgleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisenbergsche Bewegungsgleichung">Heisenbergsche Bewegungsgleichung</a> <i>nicht</i> gilt, da der Zeitentwicklungsoperator der direkt aus der Schrödingergleichung abgeleiteten Dynamik <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \hbar \partial _{t}U(t)=H(t)U(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \hbar \partial _{t}U(t)=H(t)U(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36c9798efc70cd762e02fbb0694bb6ab3eb84ee4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.688ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \hbar \partial _{t}U(t)=H(t)U(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> gehorcht. Auch die Zeitentwicklung des Operators <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> durch den Zeitentwicklungsoperator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3738abe482389decc7fafef3e80b85c3cee782f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.431ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> erfolgt nicht gemäß der üblichen Zeitentwicklungsgleichung für Operatoren (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(t)^{\dagger }AU(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(t)^{\dagger }AU(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a370bde5784ad5df774eb1d4b72f0ecf19d7281e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.568ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(t)^{\dagger }AU(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> für eine gewöhnliche Observable A), was jedoch verständlich ist, da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}(t)={\hat {U}}(t)\;{\hat {\rho }}(0)\;{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }(t)=\sum _{i}p_{i}U(t)|\psi (0)\rangle \langle \psi (0)|U(t)^{\dagger }=\sum _{i}p_{i}|\psi (t)\rangle \langle \psi (t)|.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}(t)={\hat {U}}(t)\;{\hat {\rho }}(0)\;{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }(t)=\sum _{i}p_{i}U(t)|\psi (0)\rangle \langle \psi (0)|U(t)^{\dagger }=\sum _{i}p_{i}|\psi (t)\rangle \langle \psi (t)|.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b72ba30f18aad48e9b17f432d64af320469e502b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:74.177ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}(t)={\hat {U}}(t)\;{\hat {\rho }}(0)\;{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }(t)=\sum _{i}p_{i}U(t)|\psi (0)\rangle \langle \psi (0)|U(t)^{\dagger }=\sum _{i}p_{i}|\psi (t)\rangle \langle \psi (t)|.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entropie">Entropie</h2></div>
<p>Mit Hilfe des Dichteoperators <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.376ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich die <a href="Von-Neumann-Entropie" class="mw-redirect" title="Von-Neumann-Entropie">Von-Neumann-Entropie</a> eines Systems wie folgt definieren:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=-k_{\mathrm {B} }\operatorname {Tr} \left({\hat {\rho }}\ln {\hat {\rho }}\right),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>Tr</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=-k_{\mathrm {B} }\operatorname {Tr} \left({\hat {\rho }}\ln {\hat {\rho }}\right),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7528903f2461ea1e1aae354590713ffcd3315f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.911ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=-k_{\mathrm {B} }\operatorname {Tr} \left({\hat {\rho }}\ln {\hat {\rho }}\right),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {B} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {B} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c9b90d21a1c8fb907fddab1caded3b7f1eeffe3d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.607ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {B} }}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Boltzmannkonstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Boltzmannkonstante">Boltzmannkonstante</a> ist, und die Spur über dem Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f017b876ed763037d8818ec5dfbbdc6703e0f683.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }" loading="lazy"></span> genommen ist, in dem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.376ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> operiert.
</p><p>Die Entropie jedes reinen Zustands ist Null, da als Eigenwerte des Dichteoperators nur 0 und 1 vorkommen. Dies stimmt mit der <a href="Heuristisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuristisch">heuristischen</a> Argumentation überein, dass keine Unsicherheit über die Präparation des Zustandes herrscht. Bei allen echten Zustandsgemischen liegen mindestens zwei Eigenwerte des Dichteoperators zwischen 0 und 1, Gemische haben daher positive Entropie.
</p><p>Die zeitliche Entwicklung des Systems gemäß einer Schrödingergleichung lässt die Entropie konstant, weil der Dichteoperator dabei immer eine unitäre Transformation durchläuft. Das stellt eine Verbindung zwischen <a href="Reversibler_Prozess" title="Reversibler Prozess">Reversibilität</a> eines Prozesses und seiner eventuellen Entropieänderung her – ein fundamentales Ergebnis, das die Quantenmechanik mit der <a href="Informationstheorie" title="Informationstheorie">Informationstheorie</a> und der <a href="Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik">Thermodynamik</a> verbindet. Ein echtes Zustandsgemisch kann demnach auf diesem Weg nicht in einen reinen Zustand übergehen.<sup id="cite_ref-Neumann_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neumann-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ster.be/padint/hst1.html">Artikel von Lieven Smits aus Antwerpen über <i>De dichtheidsmatrix in de statistische mechanica</i> (Auf Niederländisch)</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmerkungen">Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="Anm.">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Auch wenn die Einzelmesswerte streuen, wird ihre Streubreite ebenso wie alle weiteren Charakteristika ihrer Verteilung durch den Dichteoperator vorhergesagt.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. von Neumann: <cite style="font-style:italic">Wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischer Aufbau der Quantenmechanik</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1927</span>, 1927, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>245–272</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eudml.org/doc/59230">eudml.org</a> [abgerufen am 14. März 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Dichteoperator&rft.atitle=Wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischer+Aufbau+der+Quantenmechanik&rft.au=J.+von+Neumann&rft.btitle=Nachrichten+von+der+Gesellschaft+der+Wissenschaften+zu+G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+Mathematisch-Physikalische+Klasse&rft.date=1927&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=245-272&rft.volume=1927" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe Ref. Fano 1957, Kap. 3(e). Es gilt auch bei jedem hermiteschen Operator mit nicht-entarteten Eigenwerten, dass die Basis aus Eigenvektoren eindeutig bestimmt ist. S. <a href="Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a>: <i>Quantenmechanik.</i> de Gruyter, 1999, ISBN 3-11-016458-2., Kap. 2.4.1 </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton Amann, Ulrich Müller-Herold: <cite style="font-style:italic">Offene Quantensysteme</cite>. Springer, 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-05187-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>80<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>ff</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=W6hfGqmKDzsC&pg=PA80#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Dichteoperator&rft.au=Anton+Amann%2C+Ulrich+M%C3%BCller-Herold&rft.btitle=Offene+Quantensysteme&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642051876&rft.pages=80+ff&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">U. Fano: <cite style="font-style:italic">Description of States in Quantum Mechanics by Density Matrix and Operator Techniques</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rev. Mod. Phys.</cite> 29. Jahrgang, 1957, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>74</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.29.74">10.1103/RevModPhys.29.74</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Dichteoperator&rft.atitle=Description+of+States+in+Quantum+Mechanics+by+Density+Matrix+and+Operator+Techniques&rft.au=U.%26%2332%3BFano&rft.btitle=Rev.+Mod.+Phys.&rft.date=1957&rft.doi=10.1103%2FRevModPhys.29.74&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=74&rft.volume=29.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. A. M. Dirac: <cite style="font-style:italic">Note on Exchange Phenomena in the Thomas Atom</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</cite>. 26. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 1930, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>376</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100016108">10.1017/S0305004100016108</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1930PCPS...26..376D">1930PCPS...26..376D</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Dichteoperator&rft.atitle=Note+on+Exchange+Phenomena+in+the+Thomas+Atom&rft.au=P.+A.+M.%26%2332%3BDirac&rft.date=1930&rft.doi=10.1017%2FS0305004100016108&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=376&rft.volume=26.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank L. Pilar: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elementary Quantum Chemistry</cite>. McGraw-Hill, NY 1968, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>354<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Dichteoperator&rft.au=Frank+L.+Pilar&rft.btitle=Elementary+Quantum+Chemistry&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=354ff.&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Neumann-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Neumann_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. v. Neumann: <i>Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik.</i> Springer (1932, 1968, 1996), Kap. V.3 .</span>
</li>
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